Turbulent (Anomalous) Transport

Micro-turbulence that leaks heat faster than collisions alone; the main confinement-limiter.

Small-scale drift-wave turbulence transports heat and particles across the confining field far faster than collisions would — 'anomalous' transport. Predicting and suppressing it is the central problem of confinement physics.

Kronos's confinement targets are anchored to the empirical H-mode database, which already folds in typical turbulent losses, rather than to first-principles turbulence optimism.

Micro-turbulence, driven by the plasma's own gradients, leaks heat far faster than collisions alone and is the dominant reason confinement is hard to predict. Kronos sidesteps the prediction problem by anchoring its confinement to the empirical H-mode database, which already folds in typical turbulent losses, rather than to first-principles optimism.