Plasma-Facing Materials

The refractory materials that survive direct exposure to the plasma edge.

First-wall load (breeder)

1.97 MW/m2

High-flux material

Refractory metals

Plasma-facing components — the first wall and divertor targets — must tolerate intense heat and particle flux. Refractory metals such as tungsten are standard for the highest-flux surfaces. HYPERION's first wall is designed for 1.97 MW/m2; the burner's loading is far gentler.

Material choice trades heat tolerance, erosion, and activation. Kronos reports the loadings and the qualification path rather than assuming survival.